ECON 101:
US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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Escape from Hengyang by Qiong Yao |
RESISTANCE WARS
1945-1949 Civil War Liao-Shen Campaign Korean War Vietnamese War Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, & White Terror vs Red Terror: China's disasters had been compounding since the 1839-1942 Opium War. Boxers' turmoil, concluded by the 'Xin Chou Treaty' (i.e., 'Boxer Protocol of 1901') on Sept 7th of 1901 with 11 (not 8) countries, would cause China a loss of 450,000,000 taels of silver which were to accrue to 982,000,000 taels with interests included throughout the installments for 39 years. The damages to China's spirits unsurpassed in history, the Chinese’s people had to endure 39 years of hardship and disasters, only to sustain another round of sufferings during the 1937-1945 Japanese Invasion. During the first half of 20th century, China went through extraordinary turmoil and tragedies. It was no longer a war between 'yellows' and 'whites', but between 'yellows' and 'yellows'. Though China was alleviated from the invasions by the Western powers after Western colonialist powers began to decline, Japan, with a notion of "Entry Into Europe By Severing Itself From Asia", had adopted an even more barbaric colonialist, militarist and expansionist policy and undertook the invasion of Ryukyu, Korea, Manchuria, and China proper, consecutively. From 1937 to 1945, 21,000,000 Chinese lost their lives, among which about 3.8 million were soldiers, officers and generals. (General consensus of total death toll, including collaborators & Yellow River breach victims etc, could amount to 38 million.) The worst consequence of Japanese invasion would be Chinese communists' ascension to power which threw China into a loop of never-ending disasters. Communist China, which had forfeited WWII damages in 1972 to win diplomatic recognition from Japan, does not have moral courage to face Japan since its ascension to power was a derivative to Japan's invasion. (Numerous Nationalist Government generals, who survived the valiant wars against Japan invasion, would be imprisoned by communists from 1949 to 1975. E.g., Wu Dehou, released by CCP's amnesty on Dec 15th 1975, had returned to his impoverished Shanxi Province countryside as a peasant. Du Yuming, the War Hero on Burma Theater, was released from over 10 year long prison life on Dec 4th 1959 in accordance with CCP's Sept 17 1959 First Amnesty Order for sake of showing off at a diplomatic meeting in April 1960 with British Field Marshal Bernard Law Montgomery as well as for sake of instigating the return of his son-in-law, i.e., noble prize winner Yang Zhenning. It would be in 1985 that CCP first declared 'national heroes' for 85 Nationalist generals who sacrificed their lives in the Resistance Wars Against Japan.)
Today, Japanese cabinets, clinging to the notion of an Atomic bomb victim (victims numbering 210,000), still make insincere apologies to Asian countries for their wartime crimes, including the infamous Rape of Nanking (victims numbering 340,000), Fatigue Bombing of Chungking, germ warfare, guinea pig experiments [by Unit 731] and 'comfort women'. Is the Japanese vocabulary lacking a word other than 'regret'? No. Neo-militarists assassinated the mayor of Nagasaki in 1990 simply because the mayor had asked Japanese emperor to issue an apology. It is widely believed that today's Japanese military trained their soldiers [i.e., self-defense echelons] in the standard of a captain for possible military mobilization. And, Japan's annual military budget ranks at No. 2nd, just behind US, with 1995 spending amounting to $54,000,000,000, for example. Japan, which offered 3-5 times the European nations' contributions to Iraqi Reconstruction as a way of advancing its agenda for admittance to United Nations Security Council, still refused to reimburse 30000 Chinese coolies who were abducted to Japan during the war times. Japan, now having grown to be a lethal force under American umbrella, unfortunately have memory of neither the pardon from the Republic of China nor the humiliation of being declined a decent surrender by Russians. http://www.geocities.jp/yoshio_osakabe/Haruki/Books/ZooAttack.html THE ZOO ATTACK by MURAKAMI Haruki translated by Jay Rubin
Nationalist government under Chiang Kai-shek, having barely united China, would be engaged in numerous rounds of civil wars with the communists as well as KMT opponents & adversaries [termed "neo-warlords" by Chiang Kai-shek]. In early years, however, Chiang Kai-shek had deliberately adopted the approach of "yang [multiplying] fei [communist banditry] zi [for enhancing selfish] zhong [important position of being indispensable]" per LZR. 
In 1929, Chiang Kai-shek launched two wars with Guangxi Province armies [i.e., 4th group army], i.e., War Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi. In 1930, Chiang Kai-shek engaged himself in the War Of The Central Plains.
The direct consequence would be: i) Communist disturbances in multiple provinces; ii) Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
(After perusing records, this webmaster had a conviction that
Chinese communists, their predecessor international socialist (communist) youth league, and the successor Chinese GRU agents were behind almost every rebellion, mutiny, sabotage and movement from 1919 to 1949, including the 1929 Wars by KMT Reorganizers, the 1930 Wars of the Great Plains, the Fujian Mutiny of 1933, the Xian Coup of 1936, and the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge Incident.)
Zhang Xueliang, who was shooting pictures at Manchuria sports contest in Oct 1930, would soon see his hometown abandoned to the Japanese. Li Dongfang pointed out that Zhang Xueliang often warded off Japanese by claiming that diplomacy rested with Nanking's Chiang Kai-shek; however, Zhang Xueliang did not bother to report to Nanking his conflicts with Japanese as to building Chinese-owned railway and harbors. Zhang Xueliang also failed to brief Nanking government after Japanese consul in Liaoning raised a protest in regards to disappearance of some spies -- Zhang Xueliang's soldiers, under 3rd regiment chief Guan Yueheng of Xing'an Military Farming, on June 26th 1931, secretly executed 4 Japanese military spies, including Nakamura Shintaro, who intruded into Xing'an Ridge area two months ago. (Before the conflict with Japanese, Zhang Xueliang had blundered in the War of Chinese-Eastern Railway in May 1929.) Historical riddle still exists as to the Zhang Xueliang's withdrawing his Northeastern Army from Manchuria in 1931. Zhang Xueliang himself denied, on multiple occasions, that it was Chiang Kai-shek who ordered him to evacuate from Manchuria; Li Zongren firmly believed in a "secret agreement" between Chiang Kai-shek & Japan that was struck in 1928, an agreement that Li Zongren mentioned was stolen by Chiang Kai-shek's agents from Japanese agents for destruction by luring them to a secret meeting in Shanghai; and Chinese communists claimed to be ready to "militarily defend the USSR [during the War of Chinese-Eastern Railway in May 1929]" and suspected that it was a Nationalist Government scheme to draw Japanese fire towards the Soviet Union border. Back in July 1931, Gu Weijun, who had been retiring in Tianjin after the overthrow of Peking government in 1928, had rushed to Zhang Xueliang for advice on taking precautionary measures as to possible Japanese "general attack" at China. Zhang Xueliang, who had later ignored almost 100 pieces of communications from Gu Weijun in the three months ensuing the 9-18-1931 Incident, had refused to put up a fight in Jinzhou, with false expectation that the League of Nations would step in to solve the Manchuria Incident the same way as it did to Shandong Peninsula. Zhang Xueliang's oral recitals confirmed the suspicion that it was Zhang Xueliang himself, with an understanding that Chiang Kai-shek would not assist him as promised in 1928 at the time of Manchuria unification with China proper, had decided to preserve his forces rather than fighting the Japanese on his own. Whatever, the secret killings of Japanese spies would not be something that Japan would pass easily although the Japanese felt it awkward to use this particular excuse publicly. That's why Japanese blew up the railway tracks, instead. Chiang Kai-shek had shown a contrast on the matter of General Song Zheyuan vs General Zhang Xueliang. Song Zheyuan, i.e., a Chinese national hero at the Battles of the Great Wall, would suddenly become a pro-Japan regional leader who had participated in the "autonomous movement" similar to Japan's "puppet Eastern Hebei Province government". After the eruption of the 1937 Resistance War, Chiang Kai-shek explained to the whole nation that Song Zheyuan was under his personal order to "befriend" Japan as a coverup. In contrast, Chiang Kai-shek, who had put Zhang Xueliang into house arrest in late 1936 for the Xi'an Coup d'etat, never acknowledged that he had instructed Zhang on the matter of appeasing Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Do note that Chiang Kai-shek, from 1935 to 1936, had authorized the "Secretive Sino-USSR Contacts and KMT-CCP Contacts In Multiple Channels", a manifestation that Chiang Kai-shek was preparing for an inevitable confrontation with Japan by means of an alliance with Russians & Chinese communists. Zhang Xueliang, in his recollections, had acknowledged his misjudgment by likening Japan's invasion of Manchuria to either Nanking Bloody Incident or Jinan Incident, i.e., two international incidents that had limited damages. Chiang Kai-shek, being always pre-occupied with dealing with internal feuds and enemies, had apparently misjudged Japanese on basis of three diplomatic breakthroughs, namely, i) Japan's backing off from the key demand in "Twenty One Demands" during Yuan Shikai's reign; ii) Japanese withdrawal from Shandong Peninsula under the pressure of Washington Conference and the League of Nations; and iii) Japan's refrain from joining British-American warships' bombardment of Nanking during 1927 Nanking Bloody Incident [which was provoked by communist Li Shizhang the acting politics director of 6th Corps]. Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria, Chahar & Jehol (1931-1934) At http://www.larouchepub.com/other/2004/3123morgan_v_dr_sun.html, Mike Billington wrote for "Executive Intelligence Review" an article entitled "How London, Wall Street Backed Japan's War Against China and Sun Yat Sen", pointing out the behind-the-scene manipulations as to "SYNARCHISM AND WORLD WAR". As stated by Mike Billington, "... British synarchist banking interests, centered around Bank of England head Montagu Norman, Hongkong and Shanghai Bank director Sir Charles Addis, and J.P. Morgan chief executive Thomas Lamont, deployed militarily and politically to destroy Sun Yat Sen and his influence. ... when their subversion and looting failed to crush Sun's republican movement, the British threw their weight behind the synarchist/fascist forces in Japan, financing the Japanese military occupation of the Chinese mainland... By 1931, J.P. Morgan had floated $263 million in loans for Japanese borrowers, including direct loans to the government in 1930", with quite some of the funds going direct to the Southern Manchurian Railway under disguise to avert the world opinions. Note that President Wilson rejected Reinsch's 1917 financing arrangement for building an alternative rail route to the South Manchurian Railroad, "even assured Japan that the United States would honor their special position in Manchuria", and in Oct 1918 agreed to the formation of a new bankers' Consortium which was orchestrated by Anglo-American bankers for sake of depriving China of any chance of obtaining an international loan. It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China. No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times. A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chungking government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. In domestic arena, on Feb 28th 1931 [lc ?], Hu Hanmin was put under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek in Nanking. Chiang Kai-shek also ordered the arrest of Deng Yanda who was later executed before Chiang Kai-shek stepdown on Dec 15th 1931. Chiang Kai-shek further hijacked two more senior KMT leaders, i.e., Ju Zheng and Xie Chi. Sun Ke left Nanking for Canton, and Deng Zeru & Lin Sen etc rebuked Chiang Kai-shek on April 30th [lc ?]. On May 28th 1931, Whang Jingwei (aka Whang Zhaoming), Tang Shaoyi, Zou Lu, Chen Youren, Gu Yingfen and Li Zongren [Li Tsung-jen] established a separate National Government in Guangzhou [Canton] and dispatched southern troops against Chiang Kai-shek. Li Zongren received a warm welcome at Tianzi Wharf and signed about the bloody war between Guangxi and Guangdong provinces back in Feb. Chen Jitang & Li Zongren assumed the posts of commander-in-chief for 1st & 4th Group Army against Chiang Kai-shek. Taking advantage of Chinese internal strife, Japanese Kwantung Army blew up railway tracks at Liutiaogou as an excuse for the occupation of Manchuria, officially starting what it called "Fifteen Year War", i.e., a war that would lead to a death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China. (In 1956, Japanese "defense department" claimed that about 560000 Japanese died on Chinese battleground. However, in 1946, Nationalist Government Tactician Department estimated that over 1.4 million Japanese had lost their lives inside of China. Liu Feng compromised with the adoption of a number of about 1 million.) Frank E. Smitha, at http://www.fsmitha.com/h2/ch18.htm, adopted a common excuse in Western history books, i.e., Japanese had invaded China as a result of the worldwide economic depression of 1929-1931. Simtha mentioned that Japanese Prime Minister Osachi Hamaguchi of the Democratic (Minseito) Party, who was responsible for signing Navy reduction agreement with Great Britain and the United States, was assassinated by 'rightist' back in 1930. Frank E. Smitha also pointed out that "by 1931, however, in Manchuria the Chinese were annoying (?) the Japanese by building rail lines parallel to Japanese rail lines", that "Manchurians and Chinese rioted against the growing Korean presence" invited over by Japanese, and that with "eight hundred Japanese-owned factories" in Manchuria, "Japan's control over Manchuria had to be made secure". (Korean revolts against Chinese was incited into Mt Wanbaoshan Incident by the Japanese in July 1931: Korean immigrants illegally built trenches and dams near Changchun for tilling fields; Japanese police shot dead Chinese peasants who confronted the Koreans; and the Koreans on Korea Peninsula persecuted overseas Chinese as a concerted action.) Mukden Incident - 9/18/1931 Japanese militarists had been fomenting calls for war against China throughout 1931. Liu Feng stated that in May 1931, Itagaki Seishiro, a colonel equivalent of Kwantung Army, was responsible for devising the one-night provocation and occupation of major cities. In June, Japanese spies, Nakamura Shintaro and etc, were caught, and later shot dead. At Mt Wanbaoshan, near Changchun, Koreans forcefully dug a ditch for irrigating their fields. One month later, on July 2nd, Japanese police shot dead Chinese peasants who were in conflicts with Korean. Further, Japanese incited massive ethnic cleansing against Chinese on Korean peninsula. Chinese newspaper pointed out that it could very well be the signal portending the start of full Japanese invasion against China. More available at ManchuriaIncident.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Kwantung Army pulled ahead the provocation to Sept 18th from Sept 28th as a result of the arrival of an investigation emissary from Tokyo. At around 10:20 pm, on Sept 18th 1931, Japanese Kwantung Army blew up railway tracks at Liutiaogou ["Ryujoko", a name devised by Japanese to hint at a ditch or bridge whereas the spot of sabotage was a flat land close to a place named Liutiaohu without the actual 'hu-lake' or 'gou-ditch'] of northern Shenyang City, i.e., 'Liutiaogou Incident' [i.e., Mukden Incident], and then accused Chinese troops of sabotage. Liutiaohu Lake was about 800 meters away from Chinese armies of 'Bei-da-ying' [north army camp] in Shenyang city. Japanese Kwantung Army used the blast as the signal for charge. With 24 centimeter cannons, Japanese bombarded and attacked the 7th Brigade of Chinese armies inside of "north army camp" as well as Dongta Airport. While 2nd independent garrison Daitai attacks the barracks, 29th Rentai from 2nd Shidan attacked Shenyang city. At 50 minutes past midnight, on Sept 18th 1931, three Japanese columns attacked Shenyang city. Back on Sept 16th, Japanese had obtained advance information that Chinese armies would not resist in any circumstance. More available at ManchuriaIncident.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On Sept 24th, Japanese government issued a statement claiming that China had sabotaged railway and attacked Japanese on the midnight of Sept 18th, emphasizing the contrast of 10,400 Japanese soldiers versus 220,000 Chinese troops. Further, it claimed that Japanese action was for protecting million Japanese citizens inside of Manchuria; that the occupation of outlaying cities were rumors; that Japanese troops sent to Jilin Province on Sept 21st would return to Changchun once they finished the policing job; that 4000 relief troops from Korea did not exceed the total number allowed to station in Manchuria per treaty; and that Japan had no ambition for Manchuria territory. On Sept 29th, USSR declared neutrality on Mukden Incident. When Japan invaded Manchuria, Zhang Xueliang possessed about 12 brigades and 3 cavalry brigades or 179,505 troops in Manchuria, in addition to 12 infantry brigades, 2 cavalry brigades and 3 cannons brigade that stationed in northern China. Per Li Dongfang, Chiang Kai-shek did send a telegraph to Zhang Xueliang on Sept 12th, stating that "Now is not a time to wage a war against Japan"; however, the telegraph was sent in response to Wanbaoshan Incident, not 9-18-1931 incident, per LDF. (Zhang Zhenglong cited a similar telegraph from Chiang Kai-shek that was dated Aug 16th 1931.) Further, Li Dongfang claimed that it was Rong Zhen who misread Zhang Xueliang's Sept 6th telegraph as to "10000 degree tolerance [of Japan's provocations]". Regiment Chief Wang Tiehan under 7th brigade did resist Japanese attack at "North Camp" from 1:40 am to 5:0 am on Sept 19th 1931; but, Rong Zhen forcefully issued the withdrawal order. Tang Degang pointed out that Chiang Kai-shek faced the same pressing matter as Yuan Shi-kai at the time when Japan raised "21 Demands" by taking advantage of WWI in early 1915. Chen Bulei drafted "Chiang Kai-shek Open Letter To Chinese Nationals", i.e., stating that "It is government's crime to have lost [the Chinese] statehood when it refuses to fight while still capable of fighting, and it is also government's crime to have lost statehood when it fights while incapable of fighting." Tang Degang's whole class of students were in tears when the teacher read the open letter. Battle Of Jiangqiao On Oct 5th, Doihara Kenji proposed a bombing of Jinzhou City for testing the response of China, US and USSR. Three days later, Kwantung Army commander ordered that two Japanese bomber groups attack Jinzhou. Northeastern Army countered the bombing with field-to-air cannon shooting. Even though USSR had declared neutrality on Mukden Incident, Japanese took care to invade Amur Province with Zhang Haipeng’s puppet troops initially. The puppet force, attacking north on Oct 13th, was routed to the south of Jiangqiao Bridge on 16th. More available at ManchuriaIncident.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Chiang Kai-shek's Central Army withdrew from the 3rd Siege of communists in Jiangxi Province and rerouted towards Manchuria, while communists mounted counter-attacks against Nationalist Government positions. More available at ManchuriaIncident.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Campaign Against Jinzhou Smitha stated that "a month into the crisis, the Emperor Hirohito was angry over the commander of the Kwantung army, Honjo Shigeru, Honjo Shigeru, declaring his intention to pacify all of Manchuria and Mongolia". Japan's ambition in 1931 was more than the territory of Manchuria and Mongolia. Doihara Kenji planned the "Tianjin Incident" for fetching last Manchu emperor. By mid-November, Japanese controlled northern Manchuria. On December 13th, Kwantung Army devised the Jinzhou Campaign guidelines with additional troops consisting of 8th Mixed Ryodan, one armored unit, a 15-cm howitzer Daitai, a 10.5-cm cannons Chudai, 20th Shidan headquarters troops, 38th Mixed Ryodan and a heavy bomber squadron. On 18th, Kwantung Army refined the attack plan to make it two-stage campaign. More available at ManchuriaIncident.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On January 4, 1932, Japanese reached Shanhaiguan [Shanhaikwan] Pass. Japanese did not get to take over the Pass till Jan 3rd 1933. A whole battalion, headed by An Deqin, died to the last person at Shanhaiguan Pass. On Jan 24th, League of Nations, in the name of 19 countries, refused to acknowledge Manchukuo. Japan announced its intent to exit the League. Militia Resistance To Japanese Invasion On Sept 26th, 1931, Chinese Youth Party issued a five-point proclamation to the Nation, and called for the military factions to unite under a common cause as well as a total rescission of economic relations with Japan. Within months, youth party members expanded to over 2000 among Northeastern Army military officers. During the initial Japanese attacks, part of stranded Chinese troops, notably under Wang Yizhe’s 7th Independent Brigade, Li Guilin’s 23rd Independent Brigade and Mu Chunchang’s 10th Cannons Regiment, had unorganized resistance and counterattacks against Japanese in Liaoning and Jilin provinces. Chinese guerrillas, entitled "Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters", had at one time succeeded in attacking major cities including Shenyang [Mukden]. After the loss of Jinzhou, volunteer fighters under Geng Jizhou, Wang Xianting, Jin Ziming, Liu Chunqi, Zhang Haitian and Deng Tiemei repeatedly raided Japanese outposts in western and southern Liaoning Province. On Jan 6th 1932, about 80 Japanese intruded into Jinxi, to be joined by another 50 the next day. On the night of 7th, hundreds of Chinese militia from Xiwuhui area entered Jinxi to attack Japanese for one and half hours. On 9th, when Japanese attempted to sweep the militia, militia encircled the Japanese, killing a captain. On the 9th, Japanese, with 40 soldiers left, appealed for help with Jinzhou. 600 Japanese came to Jinxi. Militia attacked Japanese for another two days and two nights before withdrawing. By the end of 1931, volunteer fighters expanded to 22 routes, and accepted the nominal coordination and supervision under the Northeast Patriotic Society. At one time in 1932, total fighting force swelled to as many as 54 routes and 27 detachments. For the whole year, Japanese had to preoccupy themselves with fighting the Chinese guerrillas in various areas of Manchuria. Unable to quell the volunteer fighters, Japan sent in 4th Cavalry Ryodan and 14th Mixed Ryodan to strengthen the existing troop level of 4 Shidan, 2 Ryodan and puppet troops. On Oct 11th 1932, two Japanese cavalry Ryodans, 1 mixed Ryodan, and 7 Manchukuo puppet brigades attacked Tang Juwu's forces in Tonghuo & Hengren area. After defection of 37th route commander Wang Yongcheng, Tang Juwu broke through Japanese encirclement for a western move. on 16th, Japanese took over Tonghua, and on 17th, Hengren, with a casualty of 500. From Nov 10th onward, Japanese swept through the territory among Shenyang, Changchun and Jilin, and forced Chinese guerrilla forces a retreat towards Huinan & Siping. On Nov 28th 1932, Japanese 14th Shidan attacked Ma Zhanshan & Su Bingwen around Qiqihar. Japanese planes bombed Ma Zhanshan's headquarters in Hailaer. On Dec 3rd, Japanese took over Hailaer's Ma Zhanshan headquarters . On Dec 4th, Ma Zhanshan & Su Bingwen left Hailaer for Soviet border and entered Russian territory on Dec 5th. On Dec 24th 1932, Japanese 10th Shidan attacked guerrilla forces to the north of Mudanjiang River. On Jan 7th 1933, Japanese took over Mishan. On 9th, Li Du's guerrilla forces crossed Ussuri River into USSR. By this time, Kwantung army had reinforcement reaching 100,000. After "Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters" would be communist-controlled "People's Revolutionary Army Of Northeast China" which consecutively transformed into "Allied Anti-Japan Army" [i.e., Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Army] in 1936. "Allied Anti-Japan Army" consisted of Yang Jingyu's 1st Route, Zhou Baozhong's 2nd Route, and Li Zhaolin's 3rd Route. Yang Jingyu later died on Feb 23rd 1940 during a Japanese siege campaign. Remnant resistance fighters, including Kim Il-sung, retreated into USSR. Shanghai Provocation - 1/28/1932 On Jan 6th, Jiang Guangnai's 19th Route Army was relocated to Nanking-Shanghai area for countering possible Japanese invasion while Nationalist Government central politics meeting made a decision in inviting Chiang Kai-shek back to the military leadership. Whang Jingwei and Sun Ke etc personally went to Hangzhou for persuading Chiang Kai-shek into a return. Liu Feng pointed out that Japan provoked Shanghai Incident for distracting the attention of the "League of Nations" which planned to dispatch an investigation team to Manchuria. Itagaki Seishiro contacted a military attaché of Japanese consulate in Shanghai with an offer of 20000 yens for sake of provoking an incident. Military attaché Tanaga colluded with Chuandao Fangzi [Kawashima Yoshiko] in hiring rascals for attacks at Japanese citizens. On Jan 18th, Kawashima Yoshiko's rascals attacked five Japanese monks on Mayushan Road in Shanghai, near Sanyou Enterprise Company which was noted for "desisting from Japanese commodities". On 19th, Japanese consulate raised a protest. On early morning of 20th, Tanaga dispatched over thirty Japanese ronin [vagrants] for setting fire on the Sanyou company. Japanese killed a police and injured two. In the afternoon, Japanese societies further rallied 4000 residents in front of Japanese consulate in demand of protection by Japanese military as well as punishing the Chinese ‘culprits’. On 21st, Japanese consul-general Murai delivered a four-demand protest to Shanghai mayor Wu Tiecheng. Subsequently, Japanese First Overseas Fleet commander Shiozawa issued an ultimatum for capturing the culprit(s) on 24th, Japanese claimed that one monk was dead. Frank E. Smitha stated that "a rise in hostility toward the Japanese among the Chinese had resulted in some incidents in Shanghai, including an attack of five Japanese persons, two of them Buddhist priests, one of whom died. The Japanese consul-general in Shanghai demanded reparations, and Japan's navy, encouraged by the success of the army in Manchuria, sent ships and over a thousand marines to Shanghai to backup the consul-general... The army sent reinforcements to Shanghai and started a drive from the city's International Settlement against one of China's armies". On Jan 26th, Prince Kan'in-no-miya Kotohito authorized Shiozawa to exercise self-defense if necessary. On 27th, Japanese consul delivered an ultimatum good till 6 pm of Jan 28th. Japanese attacked Shanghai on the evening of Jan 28th of 1932. After one night and one day’s street battles, 156th Brigade recovered North Train Station at 5 pm on 29th, drove Japanese away from the railway line, and pressed Japanese back to the east of North Sichuan Road. More available at ShanghaiProvocation1932.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On the afternoon of Feb 13th, Ueda Kenkichi, under the escort of 1st minesweeper unit, arrived with 6th Ryodan of 9th Shidan.
To counter Japanese attacks, Chinese armies were arranged into right flank and left flank, with Shenjiahang-Jiangwan-Dachang towns as the division line.
Though Japanese were aided with reinforcements from Japan as well as airforce/navy support, they failed to break Chinese defense line while changing commanders several times and incurring heavy casualties.
Chinese organized a dare-to-die force, raided the Japanese command center, and broke one leg of Japanese Shidan commander Ueda.
Chiang Kai-shek, to counter Japanese reinforcements, relocated Xu Tingyao’s 4th Division, Zhao Guantao’s 6th Division and Tang Yunshan’s 33rd Independent Brigade away from the siege campaign against the Red Army. To cover the stealthy troop movement, Japan accepted British fleet commander’s mediation again. Nomura and Matsuoka held a talk with 19th Route Army tactician Huang Qiang and Wellington Koo on board a British ship. During the Battle of Shanghai, Chinese communists called on its Shanghai members to stage an uprising; however, Liu Shaoqi, with merely 30-50 members under his helm, failed to strike at the government. More available at ShanghaiProvocation1932.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
On March 14th, Lytton Commission arrived in Shanghai. Western powers brokered an informal peace talk between Chinese and Japanese. On 24th, the two parties started official negotiations. Having reached the objective of detaching Manchuria from China, Japan announced troop withdrawal from Shanghai, withdrawing 11th Shidan and 24th Mixed Ryodan to Japan while forwarding 14th Shidan to Manchuria for the crackdown on Chinese volunteer fighters. Assassination Of Japanese Commander In Shanghai In Shanghai, on April 29th 1932, i.e., Japanese emperor's 31st birthday, Wang Yaqiao's assassination team killed Japanese occupation commander at today's Hongkou Park during a celebration ceremony. Alternatively speaking, a Korean patriot, by the name of Yin Fengji [Yoon Bong-Gil], threw a teapot bomb onto the parade platform, injuring seven prominent Japanese military and commercial leaders as well as special imperial emissary. Japanese commerce leader died the second day, and the occupation commander Shirakawa Yoshinori [Baichuan Yize] died on May 26th. per ZLA, Jin Jiu [Kin Kau] of "interim Korean government", after seeking asylum in Haiyan for half a year, was fetched by Chen Guofu to Nanking's Central Military Academy for a meeting with Chiang Kai-shek in the winter of 1932. Chiang Kai-shek, being appreciative of Korean assassination activity, continued Chen Qimei's line of funding the Korean movement by offering a subsidy of 5000 yuan per month. Jin Jiu, Li Dongning & Min Shilin had taken charge of "interim Korean government" after Syngman Rhee went to US in 1921 and Jin Kuizhi went to USSR. Majority Korean exiles joined the Chinese army. After ROC issued a self-defense proclamation on Aug 14th 1937 in the aftermath of Japan's invasion of Shanghai, the secretive Chinese support for Korean restoration went into public. Also see the three columns of "Korean restoration army" for the cooperation with American Office of Strategic Services. "Quelling Internal Enemies Before Expelling External Invaders" Nationalist Government, after the month long '1-28 Campaign', would officially declare a priority of 'quelling internal enemies before expelling external invaders', namely, quelling CCP before engaging themselves in resistance wars against Japanese invasion. Chiang Kai-shek, per JYJ, had derived this decision after reflecting on the apathy of various regional commander-in-chief, the Japanese navy blockade of lower Yangtze River, and the expansion of the communist bases as a result of CCP taking advantage of Nationalist Government's war in Shanghai region. '1-28 Campaign' [Shanghai-WuSong Campaign] were undertaken by only two corps, 19th Corps and 5th Corps. (CCP propaganda often mentioned that 19th Route, i.e., Fujian Army, had fought the Japanese on their own accord while Chiang Kai-shek ordered that his army should not have confrontation with Japanese army. Nationalist Government records stated that Chiang Kai-shek had secretly provided support to 19th Route. Later in 1937, Chiang Kai-shek decided to commit to the second battlefield in Shanghai for sake of drawing world-wide support and sympathy as well as diversion of Japanese thrusts in northern China.) From 1931 onward, 33 million Manchurian Chinese were to suffer 14 year long cruel colonialist ruling in the hands of Japanese. Manchuria, being forbidden any Chinese immigration by Manchu from 1668 to 1813, had been a safe haven of Chinese refugees as had been the case since the late years of Qin Dynasty 2200 years ago. Japanese colonization, in another sense, had taken in quite some Chinese coolies who sought for job opportunities. The latest influx to Manchuria would be during the famine years of 1959-1962 when Shandong Province disaster-stricken populace were rerouted by the communist government to Manchuria in the name of "lending relief to border construction". (Per ZZR, his class of students were asked to receive those mal-nutritioned Shandong people and kids at the train station.) Implanting Emperor K'ang Te of Puppet State Manchukuo Japanese, after smuggling former Manchu Emperor Xuantong (Aixinjueluo Pu-yi or Henry Pu Yi) out of Tianjin, announced the launch of Manchukuo on March 1st. Female spy, Chuandao Fangzi [Kawashima Yoshiko], thereafter transported to Manchuria Pu-yi's concubine who at one time thought that Pu-yi had abandoned her. Japan made Pu-yi into Emperor K'ang Te of puppet state Manchukuo in 1934, and divided Manchuria into nine provinces. In between, Pu-yi's title was Regent [Administrator] of Manchukuo. (Aside from Pu-yi, one Japanese spy adopted an ex-princess of Manchu King Suqin-wang, renamed her Chuandao Fangzi [Kawashima Yoshiko], and dispatched her to numerous sabotage and espionage missions. Among China-borne Japanese, they located a Japanese girl by the name of Shankou Shuzi [YAMAGUCHI Yoshiko], renamed her to Li Xianglan, and trained her to become a Hollywood-type icon to fool the Chinese populace. One year later, Li Xianglan sang the Manchukuo anthem.) In January 1932, the United States told Japan that it would not recognize any territory taken in violation of the Kellogg-Briand Pact. The United States issued the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, declaring that the "United States would not recognize the impairment of treaty rights in China resulting from Japan's illegal military actions". However, the Morgan House claimed to the US government that "the Chinese had broken agreements by building competing railroads, in 'deliberate economic wastage in duplicating existing facilities'; and China was 'withholding payment on any Japanese bonds' and using the money for the competing railroad... China has conducted the most lawless and aggravating course possible..." On Jan 8th 1932, Hirohito issued an imperial decree commending the feats of Kwantung Army to the following effect: "You [the Kwantung Army] displayed the awe of imperial army both domestic and overseas. Me [Hirohito] strongly commend and praise your loyalty and staunchness. Hope you generals and soldiers alike will become more persevering and self-possessed for sake of solidifying the basis of peace in East Asia as well as requiting the favor of imperial trust from me." On Jan 27th 1933, Japan, after threatening the League with exit, launched a three-prong attack at Rehe [Jehol] Province, Gubeikou Pass & Xifengkou Pass [and Lengkou Pass]. Invasion Into Jehol Shortly after the Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement, Japan’s militarists staged a coup d’état on May 15th, 1932, and killed their dove-faction prime minister. Declaring the inseparable relationship between Jehol [Rehe] and Manchuria in “Manchukuo independence proclamation” in Feb 1932, Japanese Kwantung Army commander took the coup as a green light for encroaching onto Jehol. Initially, Japanese intended to pacify Jehol by converting the provincial chair Tang Yulin. Having failed to buy over Tang Yulin, Japan resorted to military attacks by moving the bulk of its Kwantung Army towards Jehol border. For distracting Chinese forces, Japan orchestrated two provocations at the Pass of Sea and Mountain in Oct and December of 1932. On the night of Jan 1st, 1933, Japan’s Shanhaiguan garrison commander made up an incident by exploding grenades and firing a few shots, and then demanded with Chinese for pulling out troops. The next day, Japanese 8th Shidan rode over on four armored trains and three armored vehicles. Japanese, with the support of five planes, continued the attacks through 5 pm. From the sea, Japanese Second Overseas Fleet, which had a total of one dozen warships, also blasted at the Shanhaiguan citadel. 626th Regiment commander Shi Shian retreated through Xishuimen Gate with remnants after 1st Battalion commander was killed in battle. More available at Battle_of_the_Great_Wall.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Japanese emperor congratulated Japanese Kwantung army and called Rehe [Jehol] by the term "province". Seeing that Zhang Xueliang was very much addicted to drugs, TV Soong suggested to Zhang Xueliang to step down for a medical treatment as well as for appeasing national resentment. On 12th, Zhang Xueliang resigned the post of chairman for Peiping Branch of the Central Committee to Heh Yingqin. In February, per Frank E. Smitha, "the [Japanese] army's chief of staff requested Emperor Hirohito's sanction for a 'strategic operation' against Chinese forces in Jehol. Hoping that it was the last of the army's operations in the area and that it would bring an end to the Manchurian matter, the Emperor approved, while stating that the army was not go beyond China's Great Wall". In late February 1933, the League of Nations Assembly voted on "no recognition of Manchuokuo". On March 3rd, Japanese attacked Rehe Province, and sacked Chengde & Xifengkou Pass. By mid-March, Jehol fell under Japanese control. On March 27 1933, Japan announced exit from the League within the next two years. Battles of the Great Wall ("Changcheng Zhi Zhan") 
Song Zheyuan’s 29th Corps, beginning from March 2nd, began to converge upon Xifengkou Pass. On March 4th, Zhang Zhengfang’s 107th Division of 67th Corps was dispatched towards Qingshiliang-Huangtuliang area for impeding the advancement of Japanese 8th Shidan; and Shang Zhen’s 32nd Corps, which was digging defense positions on two banks of Luanhe River, was ordered to recover Lengkou Pass from Japanese 14th Mixed Ryodan.
To reinforce the defense of the Great Wall, the military committee relocated Guan Linzheng’s 25th Division of 17th Corps to Tongxian on March 5th and subsequently Miyun on 8th. Huang Jie’s 2nd Division of 17th Corps followed through to Tongxian on 7th.
139th Division, after two days of fighting, recovered Lengkou Pass on the early morning of March 7th. Shang Zhen then deployed Gao Hongwen’s 141st Division to the left of the pass, Du Jiwu’s 118th Division under 51st Corps to the right of the pass, and Li Xincun’s 142nd Division as reserves at Jianchangying.
At 3 pm, on 10th, Japanese launched a short duration probing attack at Gubeikou Pass. On March 11th, at dawn, Japanese 8th Shidan attacked the pass, and by 10 am, wrestled over the control of the entry area from 112th Division. Japanese then attacked 25th Division and surrounded 145th Regiment of 73rd Brigade. Guan Linzheng personally led 75th Brigade to the relief from eastern gate of Gubeikou Town. In the ensuing short distance battle, Guan Linzheng was seriously wounded, regiment commander Wang Lunbo died, and 73rd Brigade commander Du Yuming took over the job of acting division chief.
By 5 pm of March 12th, Japanese took over Gubeikou pass and town, and pressed 25th Division to Nantianmen Gate where Huang Jie’s 2nd Division assumed the task of continuous defense.
Herald 109th Brigade under 37th Division of 29th Corps, upon arrival at the Xifengkou, immediately took control of Panjiakou Pass sitting above Luanhe River to the left and Tienmenguan-Dongjiakou passes to the right. To route the Japanese attack force, 29th Corps Chief Song Zheyuan ordered Zhao Dengyu’s 109th Brigade and Tong Zeguang’s 113th Brigade to circumvent to the right and left flanks of the Japanese for a raid into Japanese camps on the night of 11th. Past midnight, Zhao Dengyu’s brigade, with blades, swept through Japanese camps at a dozen locations, and by 4 am, destroyed Japanese command center and cannons at Baitaizi. (It was said that General Zhang Zizhong, frontline general director for Xifengkou Campaign, first organized the famous "Broad Sword Contingent" of Northwestern Army.) More available at Battle_of_the_Great_Wall.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Peace talks in Shanghai continued into early May. Whang Jingwei was commented to have stopped advocating for war with Japan after generals at Gubeikou informed him that Japanese cannons and firepower could reach Chinese soldiers while Chinese weapons did not even have the range to hit Japanese positions. On May 3rd, Nobuyoshi Muto adopted the approach of pressing for a peaceful settlement by. 28th Ryodan of Japanese 14th Shidan was rerouted south from Amur (Heilongjiang) Province for a new offensive. On May 7th, reinforced Japanese troops launched attacks across the Great Wall line, from Gubeikou Pass to Shanhaiguan Pass. On May 14th, Japanese took over Luanzhou. Fu Zuoyi’s 59th Corps was sent to Huairou for assisting Xiao Zhichu’s 26th Corps in defending Peiping. Additionally, Chiang Kai-shek shipped Feng Qinzai’s 42nd Division and Central Army’s crack force of 87th Division and 88th Division towards Peiping. On May 23rd, Fu Zuoyi’s 59th Corps engaged with Japanese 8th Shidan at Huairou. On the same day, Japanese offered a ceasefire to Huang Fu. More available at Battle_of_the_Great_Wall.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Sino-Japanese "Tang-Gu Treaty" In late May 1933, Chiang Kai-shek began to negotiate with the Japanese for a ceasefire. Nationalist Government generals, including Song Zheyuan, Wan Fulin and Yu Xuezhong, all publicly objected to the Sino-Japanese "Tang-Gu Treaty". Lu Weicheng claimed that this ceasefire bought two years of time for China to prepare against Japan's invasion. Wu Xiangxiang stated that China began to build railway systems in earnest after the Tang-Gu Treaty. 
Per Li Ao ("Commentary Biography Of Chiang Kai-shek", Shang-Zhou Culture Enterprise Publishing House, Taipei, Taiwan, April 1995 edition), Chiang Kai-shek's sworn brother, i.e., Huang Fu, had rebuked Chiang Kai-shek in a May 27th 1933 telegraph as to Chiang's superficial patriotism while pushing him out as a negotiator for peace with Japanese. Li Ao further stated that Whang Jingwei, head for both Nationalist Government Administrative Council [i.e., Xing Zheng Yuan] and Nationalist Government Foreign Ministry, had to stamp the Tang-Gu Agreement on behalf of Chiang Kai-shek even though Whang Jingwei never participated in the negotiation. Later, in 1936, at Huang Fu's deathbed in a Shanghai hospital, Chiang assuaged his sworn brother that he had "completed half of the necessary preparations for fighting against Japanese, with one or two more years at most to finish the rest" and assured Huang Fu that whatever humiliations he had taken would not be in vain.
Hirohito, after signing of the treaty, went to the Yasukuni Shrine to report the victory to the "martyrs". See page 631 of Jin Hui's "Questioning The Heaven's Spirit In Deep Grief: A Memorandum On Japanese Atrocities In China" (Heaven & Earth Book Publishing House, HK, 1995 edition). This same shrine, now being visited by Japanese prime minister regularly, had contained the tombstones and altars of Japanese military dead, together with inscriptions of their army ranks, wars or battles engaged as well as perjured historical accounts. Feng Yuxiang's Anti-Japanese Allied Army 
On May 26th 1933, Feng Yuxiang was conferred the post of commander-in-chief of "Anti-Japanese Allied Army", with Fang Zhenwu acting as omnipotent director and Ji Hongchang as frontline commissar. Having developed into over 100,000 people, Ji Hongchang's army pushed against Duolun (i.e., a town in former Cha-ha-er and present Inner Mongolian and directly to the north of Peking city), and by July 1933, Ji Hongchang drove the Japanese and collaborators out of Cha-ha-er Province. By late July, Feng Yuxiang and Ji Hongchang established, at Zhangjiakou, the "committee for recovering the four provinces of the Northeast".
During the Chahar campaign, Hebei Provincial Commissar Committee of Chinese communists dispatched Keh Qingshi to Kalgan for instigating the rebellion of Feng Yuxiang's allied army into the communist Red Army. Senior communist leader Zhang Mutao, who was responsible for instigating 1929-1930 rebellion by Feng Yuxiang, disagreed with the new orientation and was consequently kicked out of the communist party. Chiang Kai-shek, fearing that communists had taken control of "Anti-Japanese Allied Army", would launch a concerted siege of the resistance army. Surrounded by government troops, communist instigators and Japanese army on all sides, Feng Yuxiang resigned his post. More available at Chinese Communists & Feng Yuxiang’s Chahar Allied Army - 1933 (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Ji Hongchang and Fang Zhenwu, either quasi-communists or special communists at the time, answered the call of Chinese communists for first a relocation towards northern Chahar and then a southern attack against Peiping. The two fought on for a while, surrendered to government troops, escaped half away during the disarmament, and stealthily sought asylum in Tianjin's foreign settlements in Jan 1934.
On April 1st, Chiang Kai-shek launched "economic construction movement" in Guiyang of Guizhou Province and made Song Ziwen the chief of Bank of China.
Ho-Umezu Agreement & Qin- Doihara Agreement More available at Ho-Umezu-Agreement.pdf (Check RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page for up-to-date updates.)
Shang Zhen took over the post, but refused to ally with Japanese. In Peking, Shang Zhen, other than his continuous studies of English, would often match his 32nd Corps polo team with foreigner's teams. Chiang Kai-shek then relocated Shang Zhen and his 32nd Corps to Kaifeng of Henan Province. 
Song Zheyuan succeeded the post and adopted a "befriending" approach to Japanese.
On July 1st, Mt Lushan Training was moved to Sichuan Province. On July 4th, Yangtze River flooding impacted 14 million people, with 100000 people drowned. On Oct 2nd, Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang organized northwestern committee for quelling communist banditry. On Nov 3rd, a new currency system was announced for adopting "legalized currency" beginning on Nov 4th. On Nov 12th, KMT 5th Congress was convened in Nanking. On Nov 25th, Japanese instituted a puppet government, i.e., Eastern Ji [Hebei Province] Anti-Communist Autonomous Government under a Chinese traitor called Yin Rugeng who was Nationalist Government administrative commissar for Luan-Yu region of eastern Hebei Province. (Yin Rugeng, later caught and executed by Nationalist Government after WWII, would claim that he was asked to head the puppet government.) Nationalist Government foreign ministry raised protest against Japan. Eastern Ji [Hebei Province] Anti-Communist Autonomous Government would lead to the students' protest movement in Peking on Dec 9th 1935. Communists stirred up massive protests across the cities of China, with such frontal organizations as "Northern China's Grand People Alliance For Rescuing China" and "Joint Society of Peking-Tianjin Students For Rescuing China" etc. Huang Jing [Yu Qiwei], i.e., Jiang Qing's first husband (?), was among the most active students. China In Crises Of Internal turmoil & Foreign Invasions On June 15th 1931, Chiang Kai-shek personally went to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province to supervise the Third Siege of Communist stronghold. However, this siege was aborted due to the KMT internal strife. Chiang Kai-shek faced both internal and external adversaries, with internal being KMT rightist Hu Hanmin and KMT leftist Whang Jingwei. Early in the year, on Feb 28th 1931, Hu Hanmin was put under house arrest by Chiang Kai-shek at Tangshan in Nanking. Hu Hanmin authorized senior KMT leader Gu Yingfen in contacting Guangxi-Guangdong generals for a new government. Li Zongren dispatched Wang Gongdu to Canton for cooperation with Chen Jitang's Guangdong government. Senior KMT leaders, like Ju Zheng, Xie Chi, Sun Ke, Deng Zeru & Lin Sen etc all opposed Chiang Kai-shek. Jiang Yongjing lamented the split relationship among Chiang Kai-shek, Whang Jingwei and Hu Hanmin and attributed it to the weakness of the KMT party. On June 28th, Whang Jingwei (aka Whang Zhaoming), Tang Shaoyi, Zou Lu, Chen Youren, and Li Zongren established a separate National Government in Guangzhou [Canton]. Canton government dispatched armies to Hunan-Jiangxi provinces against Chiang Kai-shek, while Zou Lu was dispatched to the north for inciting Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan against Chiang Kai-shek. Taking advantage of Nanking Government dilemma, on July 20th 1931, Shi Yousan, who rebelled against Chiang Kai-shek and Feng Yuxiang in 1929-1930 consecutively, rebelled against Chiang Kai-shek again in southern Hebei Province and drove off Zhang Xueliang's Manchurian army. Hu Zongnan's 1st Division, in collaboration with Zhang Xueliang, defeated the 20-county rebellion by Shi Yousan on July 31st. Shi Yousan remnants were taken in by Han Fuju on Aug 8th. (Shi Youshan, originally counted as one of the 13 'gestapo' of Feng Yuxiang, on Dec 1st 1940, was ordered to be killed by deputy corps chief Gao Shuxun for implication with Japanese.) In Hebei Province, Hu Zongnan arrested a local godfather figure, and then returned to Kaifeng. Thereafter, Hu Zongnan's 1st Division was rerouted to the south for countering Canton rebellion. Japanese Invasion Of Manchuria/Shanghai & Reconciliation Among KMT Factions Building ROC's Airforce In 1932, Nationalist government decided to establish China's airforce. Central Aviation Academy was set up in Jianqiao Airport of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, with about 20 Americans invited as lecturers. Later war hero, Zhang Guangming, attended the academy with referral of his school master in Northern China. Nationwide, a movement was launched for "donating one airplane in every county". Well over 1 billion worth of money were collected, and a poor county of Sichuan Province donated three plane worth of money. In the winter of 1932, when American lecturers at Central Aviation Academy [in Jianqiao Airport of Hangzhou] refused to bomb the KMT rebels led by Cai Tingkai in Fujian Province, ROC Government immediately accepted Italian offer. About 40 Italian fighter pilots and 100 Italian engineers were dispatched to Nanchang of Jiangxi Province for assembling airplanes. Wu Xiangxiang stated that Italy had offered to pay their advisers with money from overcharged war damages from 1900 boxer incident. China purchased Italian airplanes in the amount of several millions of US dollars. However, Italians gave Chinese pilots "pass" score without filtering out those disqualified and cooked books to make China appear to have 500 planes whereas only 91 planes could actually engage in battles. General Chennault concluded that it was Mussolini's scheme to destroy China's airforce from the beginning by offering proof that Mussolini was the first person who came to offer 'peace deals' on behalf of Japan after the eruption of war on July 7th 1937. Japanese Attempt At New Dominion Province 
"People's Government"
"Fujian People's Government"
Preparations For Resistance War Inside Guangxi-Guangdong Provinces Patriotic Movements In Jan 1934, masses of students, taking advantage of the convention of KMT 4th Plenary of 4th Congress, converged onto KMT party headquarters in Nanking for petitioning a declaration of war on Japan. (Numerous memoirs pointed out that communist insurgents had mixed up with student activists for organizing this student petition movement.) Nationalist dispatched senior scholar Cai Yuanpei to the front gate for dissuading the students, but students refused to leave. On Jan 20th, Chiang Kai-shek personally appeared in front of the students for an explanation of government policies as to Japan, and students dispersed after Chiang Kai-shek promised to adopt a strong stance against Japan. On March 11th, Chiang Kai-shek ordered a four-prong 5th Siege of Jiangxi Soviet. 
In the summer of 1934, Chiang Kai-shek and Song Meiling endorsed a so-called "New Life Movement". (Xu Zhen stated that Chiang Kai-shek first started this movement on Feb 19th 1934 in Nanchang of Jiangxi Province.)
Chinese women were said to have played active role in public life hence.
"New Life Movement", by preaching simplicity of lifestyle and punctuality in action among Chinese citizens, was also devised for reviving the martialness of the nation.
In Nanchang of Jiangxi Province, populace manufactured a "sleeping lion", with a call for the "Chinese to wake up immediately".
Changing Alliances In International Arena World War II, in both East and West, were the inducements of the British, and Anglo-American syndicates. For what? British wanted Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, and the British wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist movement and to counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the British and Anglo-American syndicates. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a Molotov-Ribbentrop non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union. (Half a year before Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with USSR to halve China, as evidenced by Dec 1940 negotiations between Whang Jingwei and Japan. The same cunning Stalin, who fought Zhang Xueliang over Chinese-Eastern Railway, would quickly divest himself of the railway after Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th 1931.) The Anglo-American support for Japan could be dated to Japan's post-Meiji era. While US had supported Japan from 1894 First Sino-Japanese War to 1904 Russo-Japanese War, Britain tacked on the job of supporting Japan from 1904 onward, for 20 continuous years. To reign in Japan the mad dog from biting themselves, Britain and America somehow pressured Japan into some concessions through several conferences, i.e., Washington Conference on naval disarmament in 1922, and the Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928. Nothing had shaken Anglo-American long-term objective of supporting Japan, no matter it was the sinking of Captain T. R. Galsworthy's merchant ship from British-owned Indochina Steam Navigation Company of London in 1894, or the sinking of Panay by Japanese bombers on the afternoon of Dec 12th 1937, or the attacks of two British warships on the Yangtze at the same timeframe. 
The Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese, as exhibited in Steven Spielberg’s EMPIRE OF THE SUN [based on the autobiographical novel by J.G. Ballard], had seemed to be corroborated by James Liley's recollections of his family's limited war experiences in China, obscured by the naked truth which the Prisoners of the Japanese : Pows of World War II in the Pacific would rather forget.
Anglo-American's foes made their moves. In 1933, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. Soviet Russia launched diplomatic initiatives by establishing diplomatic relations with China in Dec 1932 and with USA in 1933, consecutively, hence dispatching large embassy of agents for espionage and instigation. In September 1934, the Soviet Union joined the League of Nations. ("16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents. The first Secretary General was the AMERICAN Alger Hiss. Hiss served time in prison pursuant to his involvement in a Communist spy ring." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee.) In March 1935, Hitler denounced the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles and announced Germany's rearmament. Some 20,000 German Jews, with stamped passport by ROC ambassador to Germany, escaped Hitler's Nazis grip to find a haven in Shanghai. Chinese ambassador to Austria, i.e., Heh Fengshan, assisted Jews in granting visa to thousands of Jews from 1938 to 1940. See Shanghai Ghetto. Beginning from 1935, Nationalist government enlisted 2.5 million labor for building four railway lines leading from Sichuan Province to Shenxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces. This turns out to be a big contribution to the later resistance wars against Japan. On June 18th of 1935, Liao Zhongkai's coffin was relocated to Nanking for a state funeral. One day earlier, in Shanghai, over 300 representatives, together with Mme He Xiangning, received the coffin from a French-registered postal ship. In Ju |
![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
