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ANTI-RIGHTISTS MOVEMENTSurvivor "rightists" remember two exile gulags, i.e., Jiabiangou Gully Farm of Gansu Prov and Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm of Heilongjiang Province. Yu Jie and Shi Tao reminded us of the hunger & persecution death of hundreds [up to possibly 1500 deaths] among 2400 rightists at Jiabiangou, a sand dune area next to Gobi. KMT General Fu Zuoyi's brother, i.e., Fu Zuogong, died of hunger & persecution in March 1960 at Jiapigou. (See Yu Jie's citation of Heh[2] Fengming's "Experiences - My 1957".) In comparison with Jiabiangou Gully Farm, Xie Hegeng, once a top CCP mole inside of KMT nucleus, still could find rotten vegetable leaflets for food in 1960 at Mt Yunshan Husbandry Farm. Hundreds of thousands of Sichuan Prov girls also swamped into northern tip of Manchuria for convenient marriages with 100000 expatriated officers of People's Volunteer Army. Like tens of thousands of overseas returnees, Fu Zuogong & Xie Hegeng invariably fell victims to Mao Tse-tung's "Trickery Under The Sun". Should we say that June 4th 1989 Masaccre had routed China's elites & conscience for the past 15 years, the "Anti-Rightists Movement" of 1957 had doomed China's fate for 20 years after finishing off China's half century worth of elites and conscience. My Pitiful China, in addition to losing to the Europeans and Japanese innumerable tons of gold, silver & wealth accumulated over the span of 5000 years, would lose almost one century worth of good souls for nothing. There are two major waves of Anti-Rightists Movement, i.e., one in 1957 and the other one beginning with the Lushan Meeting (July 2-Aug 16 1959). Lushan Meeting, which declared the 'Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique', had brought about what should be correctly termed "Anti-Rightist Trend". During this Anti-Rightist Trend, Mao Tse-tung routed 3,800,000 people as rightists. In between, there ensued, per http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/8/4/69636.html, a so-called "makeup anti-rightist movement" in 1958 during which rightist intellectuals from departments directly subordinate to CCP Central and "People's Daily" newspaper agency, including Xiao Qian and Chen Qixia, were sent to Baogezhuang Farm in Tangshan of Hebei Province, a farm built on top of salty beaches of Bohai Sea. China and Chinese lived in terrors since Peng Pai and Mao Tse-tung launched rasal-proletariat peasant movements in 1927. Peng Pai had at one time claimed that communist law would be simply the execution of landlords once they were caught. Mao Tse-tung, directly responsible for the rascal movement in Hunan Prov in 1927, would be the red-handed culprits in the Purge of Anti-Bolshevik League during 1930-1931, the Purge of Trotskyists during 1937-1941, and the Rectification Movement during 1942-1945. In the caste section, we also listed CCP's bloody crackdowns, including Suppression of Reactionaries Movement (1950), "Three Anti" (1951), "Five Anti" (1952), "Three Anti" (1953), Gao Gang Anti-Party Clique (1953-1954), Hu Feng Anti-Party Clique (1954-1955), Elimination of Counterrevolutionaries (1955), Ding Ling & Chen Qixia Anti-Party Clique (1955-1958?), Rectification Movement (April 27th, 1957), Anti-Rightist Movement (June 1957), Peng Dehuai Anti-Party Clique (1959), Anti-Rightist Trend (1959). Simply said, CCP never stopped its bloody terror campaigns since inception in history, and its claws could be seen in the most recent crackdown on Falungong practitioners. Wen Yu, in his 1994 book "Leftist Catastrophe of China" (Cosmos Books Ltd., ISBN 9622577164, 1994, HK), summarized the leftist catastrophe of Chinese Communist Party from 1927 armed uprisings to 1978 Xidan Democracy Wall. Gao Hua, a Nanking University professor whose father fled the persecutions of the cultural revolution in Aug 1966, had presented the most comprehensive research into communist red terror in the book "How Did The [Red] Sun Rise Over Yan'an ? - A History Of The Rectification Movement (The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, 2000 edition). Historical Background In 1950s & "China Great Reversal" "China Great Reversal" by Hua Min was an extraordinary book from the perspective of a communist insider. Hua Min, a ficticious name literally meaning "China's citizen", was a communist party member who had befriended Liu Binyan by inviting him over for a house visit in 1987, at a time when Liu Binyan was deprived of CCP membership for a second time. Hua Min told Liu Binyan that he was planning to write a book about "Anti-Rightist Movement" as well as a book about "Cultural Revolution". Five years later, in 1992, Hua Min dispatched a messenger to US for seeing Liu Binyan with 30,000 character book "China Great Reversal". Per Liu Binyan, he learnt from the messenger that Hua Min had written his book with closed windows and door every night. (Wu Si, at http://www.secretchina.com/news/articles/4/6/28/67573.html, talked about the phenomenon of Li Rui & Li Shenzhi existence in China's precarious politics. After reading Li Shenzhi's "Fifty Years Of Winds, Rains & Yellow Skies", I have found similarity between Hua Min and Li Shenzhi: Both adopted the terminology "grand reversal" and both had cited some common examples in their respective writings. However, Liu Binyan claimed that Hua Min was unscathed by political movements while Li Shenzhi was classified a rightist.) Hua Min's "China Great Reversal" (Mirror Books, Flushing, New York, Dec 1996 edition, ISBN 1-896745-19-9) was a book analysing China's society in 1956, and before and after 1956. Liu Binyan called 1956 a 'promising' year for China because "People's Literature" magazine published the first batch of criticism articles against the communist party, something not seen since 1942 Yan'an Rectification Movement. Liu Binyan stated that criticisms centered around China's economic downturns related to the so-called "Three Grand Socialist Reforms" (re: agriculture, private industry & commerce, and craftsmen industry), and intellectuals looked to the post-Stalin liberalization from Eastern European Bloc as something that would push China towards a similar path of "Prague Spring". All the enthusiasms and aspirations were shattered after Mao Tse-tung, who initially encouraged intellectauls in criticising CCP via a movement entitled "Hundred Flowers Blossoming", broke his promise by launching a sweeping "Anti-Rightist Movement". Mao earlier had claimed that CCP had then entered the stage of KMT-like "xun zheng" (i.e., CCP-supervised government). CCP's "Maximum Benevolent Governance" Hua Min pointed out that all CCP crises had derived from its own blunders throughout its history, with its damages fortunately limited to its own spheres of influences prior to taking over power in 1949. After 1949, the damages that CCP exacerbated would apply to the whole nation, unfortunately. Contrary to what most anti-KMT folks had claimed, CCP did not stablilize the economy after taking over power in 1949. Hua Min stated that CCP had solved its fiscal and budgetary problems by printing money, which caused inflation to go up 100 folds in Nov 1949 versus Dec 1948, and 270 folds in Feb 1950 vs Dec 1948. By the spring of 1950, 1,170,000 people were unemployed across the nation. From Jan to April 1950, 2945 factories of 14 cities were shut down, and 9347 shops of 16 cities were closed down. In June 1950, during CCP 3rd Plenary of 7th Session, Mao Tse-tung had to criticise the mistaken trend in "prematurely destroying capitalism". When United Nations army crossed the 38th Parallel on Oct 2nd, Mao Tse-tung, against the objections of Lin Biao and Liu Shaoqi, ordered that Northeastern Border Patrol Army, which was converted from the 13th Conglomerate of 4th Field Army of the People's Liberation Army (PLA), be ready for Korean dispatchment at any minute. In mid-Oct, Mao Tse-tung talked about entering the war the minute US army closed in towards the Yalu River. The Korean War, by 1952, would cost China 100,000,000,000,000 or 100 trillion yuan (equiv to new currency 10,000,000,000 or 10 billion yuan), while China's 1952 fiscal revenue amounted to no more than 2,300,000,000 or 2.3 billion yuan. Hua Min cited CCP Cadre Chen Yun in stating that KMT government had net no more than 0.8 to 0.9 billion yuan, including revenues from Manchuria, prior to 1931. Mao Tse-tung, during debates with agriculturalist Liang Suming, claimed that CCP's "maximum benevolent governance" would be to develope industry and fight the Korean War instead of "small benevolent governance" such as less taxation on peasants. In the following, we will briefly touch upon communist blunders in agriculture, private industry & commerce, and craftsmen industry for an economic background of the 1957 Anti-Rightists Movement. Blunders In Agriculture Area In the agriculture area, Third Penary of Seventh National Session of the Chinese Communist Party (June 6th-June 9th of 1950) stated that "land reform was foremost key to achieving an upturn of the finance and economic status of the country", namely, killing the landlords and confiscating the landlords' assets and properties for sake of financing the operations of the government rather than waiting for the peasants to grow crops and produce output to be harvested one year later. Hua Min stated that land reform was already completed in so-called "old [liberated] areas" before 1949; however, 70-85% of peasants automatically fell into the category of so-called 'medium or well-to-do families' and majority peasants had basically no interest in forming "agricultural mutual-aid teams" or "agricultural cooperatives". Liu Shaoqi pointed out in Dec 1951 that so-called "agricultural cooperatives" for mutual assistance and cooperation in production could be "erroneous, precarious and utopian". Mao Tse-tung, however, demanded that CCP should launch "agricultural cooperatives" as a top issue. By the end of 1952, there would be 8,300,000 "agricultural mutual-assistance groups" and 3600 "agricultural cooperatives". Owning to the reluctance of peasants in forming "agricultural cooperatives", Deng Zihui advised against forcefullness in promoting the cooperative movement in Feb 1953. However, local communist officials threatened peasants with choice of 'socialist path' vs 'capitalist path' and forcefully concentrated peasants' cattle, tools and other personal belongings. In Aug 1953, Mao Tse-tung called on struggles against "rightist opportunism" for safeguarding the success of socialist cause. In Dec, CCP issued a decree entitled "Resolution In Regards To Developing Agricultural Production Cooperatives". By the spring of 1954, nationwide, "agricultural cooperatives" numbered at 95,000, more than twice the target number of 35,000, with 80% cooperatives formed under coercion. By Jan 1955, "agricultural cooperatives" increased to 480,000. In March, Zhou Enlai & Liu Shaoqi advised that "agricultural cooperatives" should 'stop, contract and develop'. However, in May, Mao advocated 'foment' policy as to "agricultural cooperatives". In July 1955, CCP minister for agriculture, Deng Zihui, was criticised to be a 'feet-bound woman' by Mao. In Oct, CCP Sixth Penary of Seventh National Session further attacked "rightist opportunism" and upheld the orientation of "agricultural cooperatives". At the meeting, Mao called for extermination of capitalism and 'petty production mode'. In Dec, Mao authored "Socialilst Peak In Chinese Countryside" and pushed for speeding up the reform of craftsmen industry and bourgeois industry/commerce towards socialism. By 1956, in the countryside, small "agricultural cooperatives" were merged into big "agricultural cooperatives", and elementary "agricultural cooperatives" were elevated into advanced "agricultural cooperatives". By the end of 1956, CCP finished the transformation within 1.5 years, faster than its original plan of 10-15 years. On April 17th, 1953, the State Council issued a decree called "Instructions As To Persuading and Desisting Peasants From Chaotic Relocation Into Cities". Peasants were to become lowest caste of citizens in Chinese society with the deprivation of the right to migration or relocation. "Industrial-Agricultural Scissor Differential" was widened in Oct 1953 when CCP adopted a policy of "planned purchase by the State and planned distribution by the State", namely, CCP exercising absolute control over the harvest of grains, vegetable oil and cotton etc. This was supposedly for meeting the new challenge of 17,000,000 new township population. Hence, CCP determined that the State would need to "purchase" 70.9 billion "jin" of rice for the period of July 1st 1953 to June 30th 1954. (Here, 2 "jin" is equivalent to 1 kilogram [kg].) The acutal "purchase" figure was 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, an increase of 29.3% over prior year, at the expense of peasants' living standards. 78.45 billion "jin" of rice, Per Hua Min, was equivalent to one month grains supply for 0.5 billion Chinese peasants in 1954. Hua Min pointed out that Chinese peasants, who surrendered 67 billion "jin" of rice in 1952, would be required to surrender 90 billion "jin" of rice by June 1956, with an increase of 35%, whereas production had merely increased by 12% and agri-population had increased by 2%. Peasants, both poverty-stricken due to grain surrender and lacking motivation due to collectivization, certainly complained about communist regime, with the result of about 100,000 peasants and agriculture cadres sentenced into "reactionaries". (In whole year of 1954, 330,000 reactionaries and criminals were arrested nationwide, among whom 111,000 were classified as "reactionaries" and 10,000 around were executed.) Blunders In Craftsmen, Bourgeois Industry & Commerce Industries Hundred Flowers Blossoming Senior CCP leader Li Weihan [1896-1984], in 1984, expressed remorse over his hatchetman role in the 1957 political movement. Li Weihan estimated that about 550,000 people, mostly intellectuals, owners or managers in industry and commerce, and members of so-called "democratic parties", were classified as "rightists". Among those rightists, majority lost their jobs and posts, and quite some were banished to forced 'labor re-education', 'prisons', and border areas or hinterland. At Jiabiangou, from 1957 to 1961, hundreds among 2400 rightists were starved to death, tortured to death or in few cases executed. (Li Weihan [aka Luo Mai and original name Li Hesheng] was an early pal of Mao Tse-tung in the 1918 organization of "New Citizen Society" together with Cai Hesen. He acted as so-called CCP Chief of "United Front Ministry" from 1948 to Dec 1964. In Oct 1962, CCP instructed "You should never forget about class struggles" in its 10th Plenary of 8th Session meeting. Li Weihan himself was criticised as revisionist and capitulationist for over 40 times beginning from Oct 1962, yielding to his May 1963 "progressive-thinking" proposal of "elimination of bourgeoisie within ten years". Ao-feng pointed out that Mao Tse-tung did not convene CCP 9th Session till 1969, i.e., till after toppling Liu Shaoqi presidency. During the subsequent cultural revolution [1966-1976], Li Weihan was sentenced to eight year labor in Xianning of Hubei Prov.) Outsiders did not have a full understanding of China's political drama till Nixon visit in early 1970s. In 1972, rightist Fei Xiaotong received from "military representative" a parcel which was a doctoral thesis entitled "Fei Xiaotong And Sociology In Revolutionary China" by R David Arkush of Harvard University (see Ye Yonglie's "History's Elegy: Inside Stories of Anti-Rightists Movement", Cosmos Books Ltd, HK, 1995 edition). In the same year, John Fairbanks visited China and requested for a meeting with Fei Xiaotong who enjoyed the same last name of "Fei" as Fairbanks [Fei Zhengqing]. The background of Arkush's thesis was related to Fei Xiaotong's article "Early Spring Weather of Intellectuals" on "People's Daily Newspaper" on March 24th 1957. (Note that you need to write something like Jonathan Spence's "The Search for Modern China" for becoming a top guest of commies in Peking now !!!) The inducement for "anti-rightists movement" are like this: Mao Tse-tung, facing various criticisms, launched the 'Rectification Movement' on April 27th, 1957. In 1957, a few months after an encouragement of open criticisms of CCP, Mao Tse-tung would claim that he had successfully induced the snakes out of their hybernation. Mao Tse-tung officially launched 'Anti-Rightist Movement' in June 1957. At some college in Nanking, students held criticism and debates for three days and three nights, continuously, and 20 out of one class of 40 were later dispatched to Manchuria for military farming. During the Anti-Rightist Movement, Mao said that Qin's First Emperor Shihuangdi just buried alive 460 Confucians but he had successfully eradicated 552,2887 "bourgeoisie rightists" nationwide in 1957. Fei Xiaotong's "Early Spring" On March 24th 1957, on "People's Daily Newspaper", Fei Xiaotong published an article entitled "Early Spring Weather of Intellectuals", claiming that intellectuals were still feeling the kind of cold-warm intermittent weather even after Premier Zhou Enlai's Jan 1956 speech on intellectuals had blown the spring wind through their minds. Fei Xiaotong, after the 1279 people "intellectual meeting", was offered a job as deputy bureau chief of newly-organized "National Experts Bureau". Ye Yonglie cited two senior scholars [Chen Da & Li Jingda] as an example of intellectuals beginning to write articles again with the encouragement from Zhou Enlai's Jan 1956 speech. Fei Xiaotong's "Early Spring", in fact, merely stated the mindset of "timid" intellectuals who were having fear that Mao Tse-tung's call for "Hundred Flower Blossoming & Hundreds Schools Propogating" could be a trap. In deed, it turned out to be a trap. On April 20th, Jian Bozan followed through with another article "Why was there a feeling of 'early spring'?" Jian Bozan, i.e., history depart chair of Beijing U, questioned the lack of full blossom spring half a year after Mao Tse-tung proposed "Double Hundred Policy". Meanwhile, on 21st, in Shanghai, Huang Chang wrote on "Wen Hui Bao Newspaper" an article "Defrosting" appealing for a fast reckoning of "spring". Across the Straits, per Ye Yonglie, Taiwan ridiculed Fei Xiaotong's article as representing "crying, pitiful,& self-pitying" mainland intellectuals. On May 31st, Fei Xiaotong wrote a continuum for publication on CCP's "Shining Newspaper", with an explanation that it was during two Democratic League meetings that people asked him to write something about intellectuals he had observed during a prior trip. Fei Xiaotong mentioned that back in late Feb someone had told him that "weather had changed" by citing Chairman Mao's criticism of Wang Meng's story "The newcomer youth of the CCP organization department". After hesitating back and forth several times, Fei Xiaotong took granted for Pan Guangdan's gauging Mao Tse-tung's speech at a state council meeting and released the article for publication. KMT propaganda in HK promptly made a big deal out of Fei Xiaotong's second article. On June 22nd 1957, "People's Daily" made an editorial entiled "An Extraordinary Spring Season". Mao's speech as to "double hundred policy" at the Feb 27th 1957 state council meeting referred above would be made into cassette tapes to be played at expanded "National propaganda Work Meeting" that writer and translator Fu Lei listened in on March 6th. Fu Lei, as a Shanghai representative, rode on train to Peking together with Chen Wangdao [principal of Fudan U & translator of communist manifesto], Zhou Xinfang [Peking opera actor], Xu Zhucheng [editor-in-chief of "Wen Hui Bao Newspaper"], Lin Fang ["Xin Min Wan Bao Newspaper"], Zhou Xuliang [translator] and Yao Wenyuan [later ultraleftist hatchetman during cultural revolution]. Fu Lei wrote to his son [who was studying in Poland] how excited he was to have seen Mao at the discussion panel on 12th, and furthermore, complimented tyrant Mao as some eloquent politician with "charisma and magic". Turmoil of European Communists "Extraordinary Spring", in Ye Yonglie's words, had to do with Nikita Khrushchov's Feb 24th 1956 secret report during Soviet 20th Congress, which was an exposure of Stalin purge horrors [later divulged to CIA by Polish communists]. Khrushchov [Krushchev] disclosed that 98 out of 139 commissars of Soviet 17th Congress were purged by Stalin and that 3 out of 5 marshals, all military district commanders, both Navy and airforce commanders, and all but one fleet commanders had been executed by Stalin. Soon, there ensued Polish rebellion in Putsnam [?] on June 28th 1956. Hungary followed suit with a revolution on Oct 20th 1956. 200000 Russian soldiers invaded Budapest on Nov 4th 1956. In China, Mao Tse-tung, who had dispatched Zhu De delegation to Nikita Khrushchov's meeting, would first applaude Nikita Khrushchov and blast Stalin. Soon, Mao Tse-tung realized that he was exactly "Stalin the Second", something that would for sure backfire on himself should he follow through with Khrushchov's ideological line. Mao Tse-tung proposed "30-70" division for Stalin. (Deng Xiaoping, similarly, proposed "30-70" division for Mao Tse-tung.) On April 25th 1956, Mao Tse-tung affirmed Stalin's 70% feats at an expanded CCP politburo meeting. Earlier, on April 5th, Mao Tse-tung authorized "People's Daily" newspaper in printing Chinese communist assessment of 30-70 division as to Joseph Stalin. On Nov 15th 1956, Mao Tse-tung commented on incidents in Poland and Hungary at CCP 2nd Plenary of 8th Session by claiming reactionaries in Poland or Hungary or elsewhere were not a big deal; Beria was not a big deal; and Gao Gang [i.e. Mao's political enemy routed in early 50s] was not a big deal. Mao Tse-tung further equated the new Polish leader to deposed political enemy Rao Shushi and called the names of numerous Eastern European Bloc communist leaders. For the first time, Mao Tse-tung put forward the notions of "Big Democracy vs Small Democracy" for eliminating Polish-Hungarian kind of turmoils. Mao criticised "Big Democracy' as parliamentary politics of the West, freedom of assembly and freedom of press. As a conclusion, Mao Tse-tung proposed "Small Democracy" and claimed that it was nothing other than his most favourite "rectification movement". Li Shenzhi's Big Democracy vs Small Democracy After I put down the sentence that "Anti-Rightists Movement" of 1957 had finished off China's half century worth of elites and conscience, I re-read Li Shenzhi's "Fifty Years Of Winds, Rains & Yellow Skies", only to find that it was Li Shenzhi who had already imprinted me with a same claim. (By the way, Li Shenzhi's usage of yellow skies derived from Mao Tse-tung's poem in regards to PLA crossing the Yangtze River in 1949, while Mao Tse-tung had adopted the same term as that of the Yellow Turbans of late Western Han Dynasty.) 
Li Shenzhi reflected on his naivety during "Anti-Rightists Movement" by claiming that he did not have the chance to personally experience the 1942-1945 Rectification Movement.
Throughout the anti-rightist movement, Li Shenzhi, as a communist "theorist", was not well-known as the real "democratic vase party" members. When Mao Tse-tung was talking about "Big Democracy vs Small Democracy", people did not know that it was Li Shenzhi who had provided input and terminology. Li Shenzhi, a communist follower since 1940s, pointed out that rightists were reactionaries in the eyes of Mao and communists, but termed so to show a lighter tone in comparison with the real reactionaries. Mao Tse-tung's "Small-Scale Democracy" Trickery Under The Sun - "Yang (sun) Mou (trickery)" "Zhao Ziyang" claimed that Mao Tse-tung had arrogantly put forward his "Trickery Under The Sun" theory as a way to counter the 'scheme' [i.e., trickery under the moon] charges by democratic party members. Further, Zhao Ziyang mentioned that Deng Xiaoping, while inspecting Guangdong Province, had secretive instructions about "throwing out the long fish rod with bait for catching bigger fish". Li Kangnian's Proposal For Total Buyout Of Bougeoisie Assets In 20 Years Huang Shaohong, Zhang Xiruo, Zhang Bojun, Luo Rongji, Chu Anping & Zhang Naiqi Mao Tse-tung's Induction Mao Tse-tung Routing "Democratic Vase Parties" Deng Tuo Changing Tone of "People's Daily" Heh Xiangni's Herald Attack & Lu Yuwen's Claim Of "Anonymous Threat Letters" Mao Tse-tung's Employing Workers For Attacks At Intellectuals & Bourgeoisie Capitulation Of "Wen Hui Bao" Newspaper Zhang Bojun & Luo Rongji Clique - Dogs Biting Dogs 
Written by Ah Xiang |
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This website expresses the personal opinions of the author. In addition to author's comments, extensive citations and quotes of ancient Chinese classics (available at http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/ftmsw3) were presented via transcribing and paraphrasing Classical Chinese language into the English language. Whenever possible, links and URLs are provided to give credit and reference to ideas borrowed elsewhere. This website may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, with or without prior written permission, on the pre-condition that acknowledgment or reciprocal link is expressively provided. All rights reserved. WARNING: Some of the pictures, charts and graphs posted on this website came from copyrighted materials. Any citation or usage in print format or for financial gain could be subject to fine, penalties or sanctions without the original owner's consent.
ECON 101:  US Interest Rate Down =  China Exchange Rate Up !
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Huanghuagang Magazine 
Republican China in Blog Format 
![At the time [when China fell under the alien rule],](http://imperialchina.org/0442201b51e71777df540167-resized.jpg)
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
